5 Splendid Essay Writing Guides to Upgrade Academic Skills

5 Splendid Essay Writing Guides to Upgrade Academic Skills 5 Splendid Essay Writing Guides to Upgrade Academic Skills When you set out to write an essay, it is important to try and expound upon your skill-set whenever possible. This is best done by using essay writing books for college students. These books are all designed to help students improve their current level of mastery over literary writing and analyses. They each bring different qualities and benefits as well. Below are 5 splendid guides you can use to upgrade your academic skills: Essay Writing for High School Students: A Step-by-Step Guide by Newsweek Education This guide is really designed to help high school students prepare for the writing they will need to complete in school, and in college. It is perfect for students who want step-by-step instructions on the different writing styles, various types of essays and papers, and what they need to do in order to complete them well. Writing Clear Essays (3rd Edition) by R.B. Donald, Betty Richmond Morrow, Lillian Griffith Wargetz, and Kathleen Werner This book is designed to offer clearer guidance for students who want to get to the point with their writing. Students might understand the nuts and bolts of writing but not necessarily how to make a clear argument or write with purpose. That is where this guide comes into play. The College Guide to Essay Writing by Jill Rossiter For students who are heading to college, this particular guide is a great thing to have because it offers information and tips on writing at a college level, something that might be vastly different compared to the requirements faced in school right now. It is something that students can keep by their side while they work, as a reference, to which they can turn when new tasks are assigned. Schaum’s Quick Guide to Writing Great Essays by Molly McClain, Jacqueline Roth, and Molly McClain This great guide is written by some experts in the field of writing and helps students to understand the mechanics of essay writing, and specifically how they can write better. This is a guide full of tips on writing clearly, effectively, and covering any form of an academic essay you might face while in school. The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing by Michael Harvey This particular guide is one which really breaks down each component and layer of college level writing which students might face once they reach their college classes. Such a guide is designed to give students a comprehensive breakdown not only of what components there are to each type of college level paper, but what background work is required or how to craft a great thesis for a paper. In order to improve with regard to your college level essay writing, it is best to use essay writing guides which can help you to learn new styles, new ways to evaluate yourself, and new creative writing tasks. With guides like those listed above, you can learn invaluable skills and apply them to your classes with great results.

What Is the Density of Water By Temperature and Unit

What Is the Density of Water By Temperature and Unit SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What is the density of water? Does it matter what the temperature is? How can you figure out the density of other objects and liquids? In this guide we explain water density, provide a chart you can use to find the density of water at different temperatures, and explain three different ways to calculate density. What Is the Density of Water? Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. The density of water is most given as 1 g/cm3, but below is the density of water with different units. Unit Water Density Density of water g/cm3 1 g/cm3 Density of water g/mL 1 g/mL Density of water kg/m3 1000 kg/m3 Density of water lb/ft3 62.4 lbs/ft3 It’s no coincidence that water has a density of 1. Density is mass divided by volume (Ï =m/v), and water was used as the basis for establishing the metric unit of mass, which means a cubic centimeter (1cm3) of water weighs one gram (1g). So, 1g/1cm3 = 1 g/cm3, giving water its easy-to-remember density. However, water’s exact density depends on both the air pressure and the temperature of the area. These variations in density are very slight though, so unless you need to know very exact calculations or the experiment takes place in an area with an extreme temperature/pressure, you can continue to use 1 g/cm3 for water density. You can look at the chart in the next section to see how water’s density changes with temperature. Note that these water density values are only true for pure water. Saltwater (like the oceans) has a different density which depends on how much salt is dissolved in the water. Seawater density is typically slightly higher than the density of pure water, about 1.02g/cm3 to 1.03g/cm3. Water Density at Different Temperatures Below is a chart that shows the density of water (in grams/cm3) at different temperatures, ranging from below water’s freezing point (-22 °F/-30 °C) to its boiling point (212 °F/100 °C). As you can see in the chart, water only has an exact density of 1 g/cm3 at 39.2 °F or 4.0 °C. Once you get below water’s freezing point (32 °F/0 °C), the density of water decreases because ice is less dense than water. This is why ice floats on top of water and, when you put ice cubes in a glass of water, they don’t just sink straight to the bottom. The chart also shows that, for the range of temperatures typical for indoor science labs (about 50 °F/10 °C to 70 °F/21 °C), the density of water is very close to 1 g/cm3, which is why that value is used in all but the most exact density calculations. It’s not until the temperature is very extreme in one direction or another (close to freezing or boiling), that the temperature of water changes enough that 1 g/cm3 would no longer be acceptably accurate. Temperature ( °F/ °C) Density of Water (grams/cm3) -22 °/-30 ° 0.98385 -4 °/-20 ° 0.99355 14 °/-10 ° 0.99817 32 °/0 ° 0.99987 39.2 °/4.0 ° 1.00000 40 °/4.4 ° 0.99999 50 °/10 ° 0.99975 60 °/15.6 ° 0.99907 70 °/21 ° 0.99802 80 °/26.7 ° 0.99669 90 °/32.2 ° 0.99510 100 °/37.8 ° 0.99318 120 °/48.9 ° 0.98870 140 °/60 ° 0.98338 160 °/71.1 ° 0.97729 180 °/82.2 ° 0.97056 200 °/93.3 ° 0.96333 212 °/100 ° 0.95865 Source: USGS How to Calculate the Density of a Substance So know you know what the density of water is at different temperatures, but what if you want to find the density of something that isn't water? It's actually pretty easy to do! You can find the density of any substance by dividing its mass by its volume. The formula for density is: Ï =m/v, with density represented by the symbol Ï  (pronounced "rho"). There are three main ways to calculate density, depending on whether you’re trying to find the density of a regularly-shaped object, an irregular object, or a liquid, and if you have any special tools like a hydrometer. Calculating the Density of a Regular Object For regular objects (those whose faces are standard polygons, such as squares, rectangles, triangles, etc.) you can calculate mass and volume fairly easily. The mass of an object is simply how much it weighs, and all regular polygons have an equation for determining their volume based on their length, width, and height. For example, say you have a rectangular piece of aluminum that weighs 865g and has measurements of 10cm x 8cm x 4cm. First you’d find the volume of the piece of aluminum by multiplying the length, width, and height (which is the equation for volume of a rectangle). V = 10cm x 8cm x 4cm = 320 cm3 Next, you divide the mass by the volume to get density (Ï =m/v). 865g/320cm3 = 2.7g/cm3 So the density of aluminum is 2.7g/cm3, and this is true for any piece of (pure and solid) aluminum, no matter what its size is. Calculating the Density of a Liquid or Irregular Object If the object has an irregular shape and you can't easily calculate its volume, you can find its volume by placing it in a graduated cylinder filled with water and measuring the volume of water it displaces. Archimedes' Principle states that an object displaces a volume of liquid equal to its own volume. Once you have found the volume, you'd use the standard Ï =m/v equation. So if you had a different, irregular piece of aluminum that weighed 550g and displaced 204mL of water in a graduated cylinder, then your equation would be Ï  = 550g/204mL = 2.7g/mL. If the substance you’re trying to find the density of is a liquid, you can simply pour the liquid into the graduated cylinder and see what its volume is, then calculate density from there. Calculating the Density of a Liquid With a Hydrometer If you’re trying to calculate the density of a liquid, you also can do so by using an instrument known as a hydrometer. A hydrometer looks like a thermometer with a large bulb at one end to make it float. To use one, you simply gently lower the hydrometer into the liquid until the hydrometer is floating on its own. Find which part of the hydrometer is right at the surface of the liquid and read the number on the side of the hydrometer. That’ll be the density. Hydrometers float lower in less dense liquids and higher in more dense liquids. Summary: What Is the Density of Water? Water density is typically rounded to 1 g/cm3 or 1000 kg/m3, unless you are doing very exact calculations or conducting an experiment in extreme temperatures. Water’s density changes depending on the temperature, so if you’re doing an experiment close to or past water’s boiling or freezing point, you’ll need to use a different value to take into account the change in density. Both steam and ice are less dense than water. The equation for density is Ï =m/v. In order to measure the density of a substance, you can calculate a regularly-shaped object’s volume and proceed from there, measure the volume of a liquid or how much liquid an irregular object displaces in a graduated cylinder, or use a hydrometer to measure the density of a liquid. What's Next? Now that you know why water's density is unique, but what about its other characteristics? Find out why the specific heat of water is special. Looking for other physics-related topics? We'll teach you how to calculate acceleration with these three essential formulas and give you two simple examples of the law of conservation of mass. Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa). Are you studying clouds in your science class? Get help identifying the different types of clouds with our expert guide. Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about? Our guide to research paper topics has over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you.

The Transnational Gang Threat in America Research Paper

The Transnational Gang Threat in America - Research Paper Example In recent years, concerns have been raised – both from the media and the US authorities themselves – with regards to the violent crimes committed by transnational gangs that have escalated dramatically in recent years. The 2009 National Gang Threat Assessment released by the National Gang Intelligence Center (NGIC) and the National Drug Intelligence Center reported that the gang threat is no longer confined to the streets and in fact has already been magnified as gangs migrate from urban areas to suburban and local communities, expanding their coverage to become regional and national in scope. Two of the primary gangs that cause significant concern are the Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and the 18th Street Gang (M-18). The US Government Accountability Office, in a report to the US Congress, has identified these gangs as serious threats to the public safety not just in the country but also in Central American countries because of their violent nature, the scope of their criminal activities and their rapid expansion (GAO 2010, 1-2). Unarguably, gangs pose significant threats to stability, security, and even in investment and the economic climate of a country. These threats have already consistently assailed Latin American countries for years and that they - spilling over to the US - is no longer a remote possibility. What is worse is that the transnational gang issue entails several other problems, including – but not limited to – illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and, as previously mentioned, crime and violence. Numerous American national law enforcement agenc ies quantify the threat to the nation in different ways. But, one thing they all agree on is that gangs are emerging as a national security threat. These violent drug gangs primarily from Central America can impact public security, increased drug violence and crime in the American experience. Although, it is difficult to

Mechthild of Magdeburg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mechthild of Magdeburg - Essay Example Mysticism is the experiential core of spirituality, contrasted with religion, which is an organized assembly of rituals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mechthild’s level of spirituality is god-ordained. With this perspective, she is eminently suited to tread the path of spirituality. She gives up the secular comforts with the intention to become a Beguine at Mageleburg in 1230. She is trained in spirituality by Dominicans, who excel in austerities, engage in extensive prayers and hard mortification. She has profound divine experiences often, and she is totally free from the secular confusions and her inner self is one with Divinity. In 1270 she associates with Cistercian nuns at Helfta, and continues with them for the rest of her life. She has written a great book that contains the details of her inner experiences and visions. The name of the book, as ordained by God is "Light of my divinity, flowing into all hearts that live without guile". Mechthild begins writing it in 1250 and completes the 6th volume at Magdeburg in 1264.She adds the 7th volume at Helfta. That Mechthild, one of the greatest medieval mystic, was marginalized in her times by a male-dominated Western Culture was true. Women were marginalized in all sections of the society and spirituality was no exception. Carol L.

The Content Review of the Website - As You Sow Article

The Content Review of the Website - As You Sow - Article Example The author is credible enough given the method in which the information has been compiled and represented given also that this is a registered charity. Moreover, this information has been derived from official sources so this lends greater credibility to it. The information represented on this page is only partially complete as it covers public limited companies in large part. However, the accuracy of the information is not contestable as the author has included references to his source of information. The author has presented the perspectives of his organization on corporate social responsibility using properly cited official sources including reports and conference proceedings. References to the information are pervasive throughout the document and the author has made it a point to bolster his arguments by presenting references before advancing his argument. The document and the website are both updated given the state of the issues listed. In addition, the website displays current issues from 2012 in its menu which also points to the fact that the website is regularly updated. The current page on corporate social responsibility addresses the issue from a variety of perspectives. The author first defines corporate social responsibility and then relates corporate social responsibility to sustainability. This is followed by a discussion of socially responsible investors and corporate social responsibility. Finally, the author relates global reporting guidelines for corporate social responsibility and the document ends with a link for guides to corporate social responsibility reports and resources.

Education is the key to development

Education is the key to development Introduction Education is the key to development. Since independence, successive governments accorded importance to education and endeavored to improve the low indicators but progress has been slow. In recent years, governments approach towards planning and delivery of education has been guided by overall reforms of the system. The federal and provincial governments clearly see their role shifting from being sole provider of education services to also acting as facilitator and financier of the private sector including the non-profit providers. The government fully realizes that it cannot achieve the millennium development goals (MDGs) alone without the help of other providers of education. the governments recognition of the role of the private sector and civil society organizations (SCOS) is explicitly expressed through the poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP), education sector reform (ESR) action plan, education policy, and education for all documents, and establishment of education foundatio ns at the national and provincial levels. The corporate sector is emerging as an important player in supporting social development causes, specially education and health. However, the business sector is wary of entering into partnership with government due to the absence of a clearly defined and mutually agreed framework for cooperation and partnership. Public Private Partnerships (3ps) have been expanding over time and have taken various forms. the most common 3ps programmes being delivered by CBOs, NGOs, private sector, education foundations, corporate sector and other providers that are scaling up include: (a) community schools; (b) fellowship schools; (c) adopt-a-school; (d) grant-in-aid to the private sector; (e) school management by NGOs; (f) teachers training; and (g) individuals donating in several ways to schools at local levels. It has been estimated that the private sector is contributing 0.7 % of GNP in education. This includes largely the for profit institutions. Backdrop and Rationale Of Public Private Partnerships In Education Present Scenario Of Education Sector In Pakistan Education is the prime catalyst to national development. Despite high importance attached to education by successive governments reflected through multitude of policy packages, the state of affairs is far from desirable. At the time of independence in 1947, Pakistan inherited only 8000 schools which increased to 1, 70,000 in 2003. Gross enrolment in primary schools increased 40 times (from 0.77 million in 1947 to 20 million in 2003) and literacy rate increased from 16% in 1951 to 51.6% in 2003 but a lot still needs to be done. The federal and provincial governments policies, planning and delivery of education has been under constant review and revision according to the changing needs over time, particularly in the last decade. The government fully realizes that public sector alone cannot meet the myriad challenges to provide necessary resources, services and expertise to effectively address educational issues. There has been a clear realization on part of the government of shifting i ts role from being the sole provider of resources and education delivery to also acting as a facilitator of the private sector and of civil societys efforts in Pakistan. Need For Public Private Partnerships Emergence of Corporate Sector in 3Ps: The governments recognition of the role of the private sector and civil society organizations (CSOs) has explicitly been expressed through the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), Education Sector Reform (ESR) Action Plan, Education Policy, education for all documents, and establishment of Education Foundations at the Federal and Provincial level. Recent years have witnessed the Education Foundations restructuring to enhance their efficiency and impact. Public Private Partnerships (3Ps) have been expanding over time and it has been estimated that the private sector including non-profit organizations contribute about 0.7 per cent of GNP in education. There is an increasing acceptance of the Adopt-a-School Programme (ASP) and recognition of the leading role of civil society organizations such as Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi (ITA), Sindh Education Foundation (SEF) and Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy (PCP) in motivating the corporate sector, which is emerging as an important player in supporting public sector institutions through private providers, especially through the ASP modality. There are several other organizations mobilizing the corporate sector to support direct education provision, total school management, professional development of teachers, scholarships etc. The corporate sector on its own initiative is also engaging with public sector such as the partnership between the Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FPCCI) and the City/ District Government for monitoring and school improvement. Structural Forms Of Public Private Partnership There are various manifestations and forms of 3Ps in the country. The most common 3Ps programmes being delivered by Education Foundations, NGOs, CBOs, the private sector, the corporate sector and other providers. These include: Contracted management of public schools by NGOs Afternoon institutions System: Up gradation of Institutions through Community Participation Programme (CPP) in Punjab and Public-Private Collaboration (PPC) in NWFP Adopt a School / School Improvement Programme (SEF, PCP) Community Schools Capacity Building of School Management Committees (SMCs) / Parents Teachers Associations (PTAs) / School Councils Community Learning /Literacy centers (using school premises and facilities) Volunteer teachers or other individuals sharing skills, donating time etc Individuals donating funds to provide missing infrastructure and educational material In 2001, the share of private sector in education in Pakistan was 21%. In 2005, the ratio of public schools in Pakistan was 67% and in Punjab it was 58%. The share of private sector schools in Pakistan is 33% and in Punjab it is 42%. If the pattern continues, the expenditure on education in private sector will exceed the total expenditure in public sector in the next five years.The policy makers are sanguine now that only conscientious, coordinated and concerted efforts of all stakeholders in Public -private Partnership (PPP) could be a viable option. Government alone will not be able to accomplish the gigantic task of attaining the goal of sustainable quality education and meet the targets of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Education for All (EFA). Pakistan like many other developing countries is facing myriad challenges for improving access, equity and quality of education. The country has a population of 160 million people more than 33% mired in abject poverty, living below the poverty line. The overall literacy rate is 55% whereas it is 36% for females. Pakistan has 6.5 million children out of school and 80% of them have never been enrolled in a school. 40% students drop-out before they reach grade IV and 77% of the total enrolled children drop out while climbing the ladder and reaching X grade. Pakistan is at serious risk of not attaining MDG and EFA targets by 2015. The Gender Parity Index (GPI) of Pakistan (0.73) is one of the lowest in the world. Keeping in view one of the lowest Human Development Index (HDI) indicators, there is an urgent need to have a system of affordable quality education, socially acceptable to all stakeholders. The Punjab Education Foundation The Punjab Education Foundation (PEF) was established through Punjab Education Foundation Act, 1991, by Punjab Assembly. Under the enactment, PEF advanced loans and grants to private entrepreneurs, for the construction of schools, for the promotion of education from 1991 to 2004. PEF was restructured through an Act by Punjab Assembly in 2004 for promotion of education, specifically encouraging and supporting the efforts of the private sector in providing education to the poor. The major difference of the two enactments in 1991 and 2004 is primarily a paradigm shift in policy formulation and implementation to encourage the private sector and involve all stakeholders for access, equity and quality in education. While PEF Act 1991 empowered the Government through the bureaucratic control over the affairs of the Foundation with Chief Minister of the province as a Chairman of PEF and a senior bureaucrat as its Managing Director, the PEF Act 2004 conferred the entire management and control of the Foundation to the Board of Directors. Under PEF Act 2004, the Board appoints Managing Director/Chief Executive and other employees of the Foundation and determines the terms and conditions of their employment. Functions Of Punjab Education Foundation Section 4 of the PEF Act, 2004 assigned the following functions to the restructured Foundation: 1. Provide financial assistance for the establishment, expansion, improvement, and management of educational institutions and allied projects; 2. Provide incentives to students, teachers, and educational institutions; 3. Promote public-private partnerships relating to education; 4. Provide technical assistance to educational institutions for testing policy interventions and innovative programs for replication; 5. Rank private educational institutions based on educational standards; 6. Raise funds through donations, grants, contributions, subscriptions etc.; 7. Assist educational institutions in capacity building, including training of teachers; 8. Undertake any other function as may be assigned to it by the Board with the approval of the Government. The Rules and Regulations Are Annexed as ‘A Strategy Of Punjab Education Foundation The Board of Directors formulated the strategy for the PEF and adopted a flexible approach. They decided to provide better quality education through private sector to low income households and provide technical assistance in the form of teacher training and professional development for privately managed schools for less affluent sections of society. It was decided to support schools in less affluent areas and preference for female education. It was decided to introduce instruments for financial assistance on per child enrolled basis and education vouchers for households in slums to enhance enrolment and impart quality education. The strategy looked at selecting institutions with good track record and results to be considered for monetary rewards and financial assistance in terms of quality education and enrolment. PEF Budget The budgetary support to PEF programs is being provided by the Government of Punjab as an integral part of Annual Development Program (ADP) as one-line budget. The budget profile is given as annexture ‘B 1 and 2. Programs Of Punjab Education Foundation The following initiatives of PEF are aimed at ensuring access, equity and quality of education, enabling the poorest of the poor and less advantaged sections of society. 1) Foundation Assisted Schools (FAS) Program 2) Continuous Professional Development Program – CPDP 3) Education Voucher Scheme – EVS 4) Teaching in Clusters by Subjects Specialists – TICSS Program Foundation Assisted Schools (FAS) Program The Foundation Assisted Schools (FAS) is the flagship program of the PEF to encourage and promote access and improve the quality of education by providing financial assistance at the rate of Rs.350 per child per month to private schools on per child enrolled basis. FAS Policy Instrument And Selection Criterion Through FAS intervention, the PEF has demonstrated: a) That whereas it is the responsibility of the Government to ensure that all school going children should get free education, that the state should fund it, it should not necessarily provide the service i.e. there is a need to separate the financing of the service from its provision; b) That through Public -private Partnerships, better quality education can be provided at a cost significantly less than incurred by the Government of Punjab to educate a child in the public schooling system. c) That the financial assistance on per child enrolled basis through FAS program is driven by considerations of equity, quality and access to all. Selection criterion is given as annex ‘C FAS Program Statistics FAS Program was launched as pilot project in 54 schools in 2005 in five districts of Punjab i.e. Chakwal, Khushab, Bahawalpur, Lahore and Sialkot. The districts were representative of all the 36 districts of Punjab in terms of levels of literacy and human development index categorized in Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS, 2004). The schools were selected on the basis of criteria mentioned in annex ‘C ‘. In 2006, the scale of pilot was increased to 184 schools, covering 10 districts. In 2007, the Program was evaluated by the Planning and Development Department and was rated as a successful intervention so far as enrolment, retention and quality learning outcomes of the students were concerned. During a presentation to Chief Minster Punjab, it was decided that FAS should concentrate the Southern Punjab districts having the lowest literacy rate and highest concentration of out-of-school children in Punjab i.e. Rajanpur, Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Multan, Bahawalna gar, Bahawalpur and Lodhran. FAS program focused these seven districts since 2007. More than 90% of the total strength of students in FAS program belong to the seven districts of Punjab. Progression of schools and the number of students (Male and Female) in FAS program from 2005 to 2009 is given as annex ‘D As a result of financial and administrative empowerment and autonomous academic leadership at school level through Public -private Partnership (PPP), the following statistically significant landmarks have been achieved: PEF empowered private sector schools in providing quality education to 529210 students in 1337 schools to the less privileged and disenfranchised sections of society in Public -private Partnership. The parents have been relieved from payment of fee with increase in disposable income. The managements of private schools have been relieved from financial hardships. The school management now exclusively concentrates on quality education and are relieved from collection of fee from poor parents, which often they used to delay for months. In case of drop-out of the child, the schools were previously deprived of fee amount, before their partnership with PEF. The private sector schools have invested heavily in physical infrastructure to accommodate more students, thus enhancing their revenues because in FAS model, the money follows the child and not the school. In order to enhance quality standards, the private schools hired better and qualified teachers in addition to the existing faculty thus impacting not only the learning outcomes of the students but also the peers and associates in the partner institution. The salaries of teachers before introduction of FAS model were Rs.2500 per month approximately and enhanced to Rs. 6500 in 2008 and are now being enhanced to Rs.8500. In Pakistan, more than 40% students are dropped and are out of school by the time they reach grade IV but in FAS partnership model, drop-out rate is zero. In case of absence or truancy of a student, the private school management follows the students due to their pecuniary interests attached with the child because the payment by PEF is made on the basis of surprise physical verification of the students in the classroom by monitoring and evaluation teams and QAT by third parties engaged by PEF. Through reward mechanism by PEF and better salary structure the teachers are motivated, resilient and diligent. The schools have complete administrative, managerial and financial empowerment with impeccable academic leadership. Impact Of FAS Program On The Learning Outcomes Of Students And Capacity Of Schools The following achievements have been verified over a period of four years (2006-2009) in FAS partner schools: During a period of four years (2005-2009), the mean average of students in terms of learning outcomes in FAS partner schools was raised from 63 % to79%. The results of 200 schools in the band of 80%-90% have been analysed. They have qualified Mathematics and Science teachers. The schools falling below the threshold of 40% have another important nexus. None of the teachers of these schools has been imparted pre-service training. The girls performed very well in the QATs and excelled over boys. The high performing schools have a very high concentration of post-graduate teachers. More than 95% of teachers in these educational institutions are either graduates or post-graduates. The Continuous Professional Development Program (CPDP) discussed as PEF intervention helped the teachers of the FAS partner schools to enhance their secure understanding of the didactic resource base and improve their pedagogical skills PEF through CPDP trained 86027 teachers of FAS partner schools and non-partner low cost private schools. There is continuous improvement in the percentage of students getting more than 90% marks. In QAT 1 in 2006, 0.96% students secured more than 90% marks whereas in QAT 2 in 2007, the percentage rose to 1.26. In QAT 3 in 2008 it rose to 16.64% and in QAT 4 it jumped to 17.63%. There was a constant decrease in the percentage of students getting less than 40% marks. From 21.55% students getting less than 40% marks in 2006, it gradually decreased to 16.53% in 2007, 4.32% in 2008 and 4.26% in 2009. The students in the cohort of 80% to 90%, 70% to 80%, 60% to 70% and 50% to 60% showed respectable improvement in a period of four years. FAS Achievements In Public-Private Partnership PEF is promoting affordable quality education in 1337 schools in the province of Punjab. The numbers of students benefitting from FAS program are 529210. The number of male students is 267107 (50.47%) and female is 262103 (49.52%). Through FAS highest priority has been accorded to female education. Fortunately the drop-out rate is zero since the schools follow the students in case of absence and truancy for the pecuniary reasons since PEF funding follows the student and not the school. Continuous Professional Development Program – CPDP It is not possible to raise the standard of education without qualified, satisfied and competent teachers. The development of human didactic resource base is a very time-consuming, slow, gradual and consistent process. To ensure the quality education, there has to be a nice mix of institutional and governance arrangements both in public and private sectors dovetailed with quality mentoring in an enabling teaching-learning environment with objectively verifiable indicators. The quality education is assured primarily because of quality mentoring, quality curriculum, resilient management, conducive, congenial and enabling teaching learning environment, good governance, transparent processes, rigorous and candid monitoring and evaluation, evaluative scrutiny and integration of the lessons learnt into the system for continuous improvement The premier academic institutions in Punjab i.e. Punjab University-Institute of Education and Research (IER), Government College University (GCU), Beacon house National University (BNU), FC College University were engaged to impart training to the teachers of private schools. The lead Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the field of professional development and capacity building were selected through an open and transparent competition. The mentors engaged by the NGOs were selected through a special selection board constituted by PEF. School Leadership Development Program (SLDP) More than 80% of the participants reported that the school management was not allowing them to apply the new methodologies of teaching based on comprehension. Instead, the schools were interested in rote learning, so that their students score high marks in the examinations conducted by Punjab Examination Commission and the respective Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education in the province of Punjab. It was proposed by the participants of CBT in their feedback that the leadership of the partner schools should be sensitized about the importance of secure understanding of the content knowledge by the students instead cramming and rote learning. In this background, it was considered necessary to start a School Leadership Development Program (SLDP) for the Principals and Vice Principals of the FAS partner schools and Non-FAS schools. SLDP met a huge success since the Principals and Vice-Principals of the educational institutions allowed their teachers to apply and practices learned by them in CBT. Education Voucher Scheme – EVS Concept: To ensure educational justice and avoid educational apartheid in society, the poorest of the poor and disenfranchised sections of the society must get equal opportunity and access to quality education enabling the future generations to get out of the vicious circle of poverty and deprivation. For the people on the brink of society, education is the only conduit to develop capabilities of the less privileged people in urban and rural slums Modality: Through EVS, education voucher have been delivered to all households in the urban slums for the children in the age cohorts of 5 to 13. The slums were surveyed and it was established that all the households in the locality were living below poverty line, At a pilot stage, 1053 households were given an opportunity with freedom of choice to access the quality school of their choice for their children. The voucher is redeemable against payment of fee in the educational institutions. EVS is meant to ensure the freedom of choice, productive efficiency, equity and social cohesion. The EVS makes the schools accountable to the parents instead of government functionaries of education department. In FAS, the private school entrepreneur has the choice to admit a student or not. In EVS, the choice to select a school remains with the parents because they are carrying the education voucher issued by PEF. The partner schools are subject to periodical review dependent on the results of their student s, additional private investment and improvement in working conditions for the teachers. The data of schools and students during the years 2006-2009 is annexed as ‘G Selection Criteria of EVS Partner Schools EVS provides incentive to parents to send their children to school. The Scheme became a source of competition for private schools of the area. The following selection uniform criterion has been applied across the board: 1. The fee paid by PEF to the partner EVS school will be Rs. 300/= per child per month. The schools charging higher fee can also apply but they will not paid higher than Rs.300/= and will not be entitled to charge from the students. The enrolment should be between 100 and 500. The school should have respectable infrastructure and enabling teaching learning environment. The partner schools should lie within  ½ kilometer radius of the selected area/beneficiaries of the vouchers. However, if the parents desire to select a school at a larger distance, PEF will have no objection, provided the school fulfills the selection criteria of PEF. 2. PEF advertises in print media to solicit interest from prospective partner schools and preliminary test of selected subjects is held in short-listed schools. Physical inspection of the school is also carried out. 3. PEF Project offices display list of all partner schools at their office and parents are free to choose a school of their choice. 4. It is mandatory under the EVS policy that a household shall admit both the boys and girls in the age cohort of 5-13 years. In case a household does not admit a girl through a voucher in EVS, the voucher for boys shall not be valid. The conditionality coupled with awareness campaign persuaded the parents to send the boys and girls to school together. The EVS policy instrument significantly reduced the child labour in the area since the boys employed in workshops and hotels and girls employed in the household chores in the neighbourhood joined the EVS schools. EVS Achievements in Public-Private Partnership Through EVS, PEF is providing free quality education to 31053 students in 167 schools. 15138 (48.74%) male students and 15915 (51.25%) female students are the beneficiaries of the program. The parity of male and female students was ensured through the policy instrument of EVS. It is mandatory under the EVS policy that a household shall admit both the boys and girls in the age cohort of 5-13 years. In case a household does not admit a girl through a voucher in EVS, the voucher for boys shall not be valid. The conditionality coupled with awareness campaign persuaded the parents to send the boys and girls to school together. The EVS policy instrument significantly reduced the child labour in the area since the boys employed in workshops and hotels and girls employed in the household chores in the neighbourhood joined the EVS schools. Teaching In Clusters By Subjects Specialists – TICSS Program The entrepreneurs of the low cost educational institutions in rural and urban areas cannot afford quality mentors because the people of eminence and erudition with professional integrity of performance with higher academic qualifications demand higher salaries, which they cannot afford. It is almost a truism that the quality in education turns on the axle of interaction between the teacher and the student. Without quality instruction in the low cost schools, there is a remote possibility of better learning outcomes of the students. Resultantly the low cost schools in remote rural areas, peri-urban areas and slums could not improve the quality of instruction. PEF launched TICSS program, engaging people of outstanding academic excellence at the market salary, graduating from the best academic institutions in the province and deputed them to the low cost educational institutions in urban and rural areas of the province. The subject specialists engaged under the auspices of TICSS program not only impacted the learning outcomes of the students in terms of concept clarity and secure understanding of the subject knowledge but also impacted the peers and associates, engaged by the low cast schools. The Subject Specialist (SS) with high grade post-graduate degree could be hired within a salary range of Rs 30,000 —35,000 for a low cost school which pays its teachers a meagre average salary of Rs 3500—Rs 6000. TICSS demonstrated that Subject Specialist deputed to the low cost schools played a catalytic role in uplifting the educational standards and bringing innovations in a number of spheres in the schools academic and social milieu. SS is visiting 2-3 schools in a week and teaching the students in actual class room theatrics. SS impacted the learning outcomes of the students and the mean average of the students increased from 33% to 55% in a period of three years. Subject Specialist influenced the teaching and communication practices of the peers and assoc iates. TICSS model proved to be cost effective, economical and beneficial. Policy matrix is annexed as ‘F The Subject Specialists under auspices of TICSS are an extended arm of the Academic Development Unit (ADU). They teach in the cluster of three schools in core content subject knowledge i.e. Mathematics, English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology. They help ADU team to design tests for the assessment and examination of the Foundation assisted schools under FAS and carry out tours to ensure the accuracy of information in terms of enrolment in the FAS Program. They are part of assessment and examination teams constituted by PEF and liaise with the other leading experts engaged in teachers training and professional development in public and private sector and share experiences for the promotion of quality education in private sector. They are also tasked to develop a resource base for pedagogy and core content subject knowledge base for the benefit of teachers of the private educational institutions. TICSS Achievements In Public-Private Partnership TICSS program has been widely acclaimed and appreciated by all the stakeholders in education. There is incessant demand from low cost private schools for vertical and horizontal expansion of the program in the larger public interest PEF selected and deputed 180 Subject Specialists, 95 (52.77%) male and 85 females (47.22%) to 24 districts of the province of Punjab. 162000 students benefitted from the expertise of the Subject Specialists in an academic year. Way Forward For Public-Private Partnership Initiatives Of PEF The Public-private Partnership programs of PEF have the secure potential to promote quality education at affordable cost to the less-affluent and disenfranchised sections of society at a much lower cost in Public Private Partnership. The consistency and continuity of the systems according to the statutory requirements of PEF Act 2004 is the only viable, workable and sustainable solution. The enactment discourages the bureaucratization and compartmentalization of the programs and envisaged transparency, accountability through institutional and constitutional mechanism. The programs of PEF are replicable, cost effective and competitive. The partnerships work for a win win situation for both public and private sectors, ensuring outreach of the programs, to the far-off rural areas and urban slums, often neglected due to variety of reasons. The programs of PEF have already been replicated in the federal territories by the national government and four provincial governments by slightly cha nging the methodology to accommodate indigenous and local requirements. The incessant demand, affordability and social acceptability by the general public, elected representatives, district governments, civil society organizations, non-governmental organizations, print and electronic media and private educational institutions is hanging heavy on the political leadership of the province. The popularity of the PEF programs in Public-private Partnership and the extreme public pressure of the stakeholders in the form of teachers, students, parents and communities is the sure and secure hope for the continuity of the programs. The government has no option but to continue funding the PEF initiatives. How to win the lost confidence of international donors and agencies remains a myriad challenge for the leadership at PEF. Overall Outcome Analysis Of The PEF Initiatives It has been successfully demonstrated that the PEF programs in Public-private Partnership are cost effective, economical and efficient in terms of service delivery mechanism. The synergy of forging Public -private Partnership has started paying dividends, at a socially acceptable and affordable cost. The private educational institutions providing quality education in less privileged urban, suburban and remote rural areas were hard pressed for financial support. During the quality assurance tests, the students of Foundation assisted schools have shown remarkable performance. PEF has introduced performance based financial incentives by awarding cash prizes to the teachers of the best performing schools for their integrity of performance and quality service delivery. The Public-private Partnership programs are promoting affordable quality educati

A Modern Black Arts Movement through the Instrument of Hip-Hop Essay ex

A Modern Black Arts Movement through the Instrument of Hip-Hop Since the decade of 1920, America has been the setting for a progressive "Black Arts Movement." This African-American cultural movement has taken shape in various genres, gaining mass appeal, through multiple capitalistic markets. Even with the use of capitalism this cultural arts movement has stayed set upon its original purpose and direction, by aiding in cultural identity awareness. The knowledge of the duel-self through community awareness as it pertains to economic perceptions and other social boundaries or the metaphysical-self; what W.E.B. Du Bois coined as "twoness," or a division of one’s own identity as a African-American. (Reuben 2) A realization of the existence of two beings within one’s mental identity, where time alters attitude and identity through environmental influence of passing events. The discovery of the "New Negro" in the Harlem Renaissance marks the beginning of this essential philosophy contributing to the 1960’s Black Arts Movement and the Civil Rights Movement; continuing to be evident in current forms of black art, such as within the lyrics of hip-hop music. These revolutionary Ideals of reform have been voiced in the lyrics of many rappers of urban realism, like the New York M.C.’s Rakim, Run-D.M.C. and west coast rapper Tupac Shakur. Though this form of expression is opposed by most academic elitists and fundamental conservatives due to their vulgar expressions of sex and violence depicted within the genre of Hip-Hop; it in opposition actually presents an internal cultural conflict revealed through the redefinition of one’s own identity with poetic lyrical expressions of realism. This art form known as rap developed due to the in... ...Working Hip-Hop Chronology." Professa Rap’s Working Hip- Hop Chronology. Web. 25 Apr. 2013. . Reuben, Paul P. "PAL: Appendix F: Elements of Poetry." PAL: Perspectives in American Literature-A Research and Reference Guide. Web. 25 Apr. 2013. . Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 9: Harlem Renaissance-An Introduction." PAL: Perspectives in American Literature-A Research and Reference Guide. Web. 25 Apr. 2013. . Salaam, Mtume ya. "The aesthetics of rap." African American Review. 29.2 (1995): 303-316. Shakur, Tupac. "Words of Wisdom." OHHLA.com. Web. 25 Apr. 2013. . Toure. "Rap-up." Rolling Stone. Apr. 1995: 78.

Brave New World and Ethics Essay

Barely peeking over the horizon the barren landscape sparkled as rays of light pierced the darkness driving away the aches and pain from their tired bodies. Straining his eyes he saw the river glowing far in the distance looking so harmless in daylight. Shuddering softly the dark churning waters of the previous night haunted him as he look at the serene form of his wife as she lay in fitful slumber. Turning around he allowed himself one last chance to partake in sweet memories of friends, family, his country, all left behind. As his wife stirred he turned around. He never looked back. Forward they walked towards opportunities untold. Forward they walk towards a new beginning. Forward they walked in America, home of the free. For centuries humans have forsaken the comforts of their current situations in search of a better existence for themselves and their families. From migrating thousands of miles to overthrowing governments humans have a knack for defying the odds successfully in pursuit of their morals and values. Descendant from a primitive apelike people, humans developed over thousands of years morphing into a super species where science is exalted in the quest to dominate nature. In the modern era, scientific and technological advancement are idolized as successes in these fields test the limits of our imaginations. With recent discoveries in genetics and the decoding of the human genome, scientists and politicians today work tirelessly towards complete control of the human body, plants, animals with dazzling results and further successes projected even up to the creation of synthetic life. However, many lines of research have sparked considerable controversy as society moves into an age of untold possibilities. The book Brave New World by Aldous Huxely portrays a futuristic society where humans have been molded into a cast system through chemical mutations, mind altering drugs, and psychological conditioning. With all classic philosophy, literature, and history destroyed as relics of the past, society stands static without any knowledge of a societal reality more primitive or advanced than the status quo. Despite current societal movement towards genetic modification and enhancement, the censorship and elimination of creative perspective present in Huxely’s utopia contradict the individualism and sense of self gave driving society forward. Modern society will never mirror Huxely’s utopia do to the innate spirituality and drive for growth that characterizes human nature. Brave New World depicts a society where humans control their bodies and environment through chemical treatments. Although scientifically impossible, this basic premise of environmental control becomes a reality when utilizing the principles of modern genomics. Over the last two decades scientists have gradually decoded every gene and strand of DNA that allows the human body to function. The gravity of this feat is insurmountable opening the door to limitless possibilities. But despite identifying several the causes of several common polygenic disorders (disorders in which several gene are implicated) and identifying the genes responsible for several Mendelian disorders, the promise of Gene therapy has â€Å"proved nothing but a pipe dream†(Kass). Beyond the elimination of disease, genetically enhanced and altered crops have increased in popularity. Several strains of crops such as cotton, corn, and soybeans have been enhanced with artificial genes that produce insecticides or resistance to herbicides. Furthermore, scientists are attempting to genetically modify plants, insects, and bacteria. Geneticists hope that in the near future genetically engineered plants will have the ability to feed on toxic pollutants. And certain bacteria have already been altered to produce chemicals valuable in manufacturing such as adipic acid, one of the ingredients in nylon, and teraphthalic acid, a component of a specialist polyester (Kass). With the possibilities of producing indestructible crops, plants that eliminate pollutants, and genetically modified fauna to produce chemicals, the economic stability and general prosperity depicted in Brave New World may become a reality in years to come. Furthermore, Huxley’s utopia presented a society where being a mother or father was considered vile and disgusting. Children were manufactured in â€Å"Hatchery And Conditioning Centers† where embryos were designed and enhanced with a complex cocktail of chemical additives in a manufacturing process. Currently modern technology has not developed a method of substituting natural birth conditions and genetically altering an embryo is close to impossible (Kass). But the prospect of genetically modified embryos dubbed â€Å"Designer Babies† lurks in the future. When these techniques develop society will possess the capabilities of genetically determining the capabilities of newborns despite whether artificial birth exists. From an ideological view, the extreme dehumanization in Brave New World may seem difficult to comprehend, but as generation builds on generation, the evolution of cultural practices and values inches society closer a similar state. As science allows society to conquer infertility or improve the genetic makeup of a child, birth moves one step closer to a manufacturing process (Carr). Even when moving beyond the technological transformations, the dominant explanation of organic life is the theory of evolution which directly undermines the value of human life (Carr). Rather than beings with spirits and a divine purpose, society diminishes mankind to nothing more than a meaningless collection of cells whose purpose is reproduction. Regardless of the technological and ideological influences that create a level of symmetry with Huxely’s utopia, our society can never reach the extremes presented in Brave New World because the core cultural values depicted directly contradict those our society ascribe to. Benjamin Franklin once said, â€Å"Without continual growth and progress, such words as improvement, achievement, and success have no meaning†. Brave New World depicted such a society where those not in a drug induced coma or suffering from purposeful cognitive damage were confined to a bland meaningless existence. Our society today is designed to award the innovative and talented as all struggle to achieve individual success. Emphasizing individual growth and achievement, our society will never sit static and unchanged as the world depicted in Huxely’s work.

How Stalin Used the Four techniques of a Dictator essays

How Stalin Used the Four techniques of a Dictator essays How Stalin Used the Four Techniques of a Dictator A dictatorship is a system of government where the power is centralized. There are four techniques dictators use to be successful; indoctrination, controlled participation, scapegoating and force. Using these four techniques, dictators can achieve their goals. The purpose of indoctrination is to create a like minded society that believes in the governments policies. When Stalin was the dictator of the Soviet Union, he used indoctrination in the area of religion. He strongly discouraged religion and closed down nearly 40,000 Christian churches and 25,000 mosques. Church leaders were arrested and imprisoned. People who avoided getting arrested were forbidden to organize any religious activity in public. Stalin wanted everyone to believe in Atheism, so the Communist Party set up a League of Militant Atheists whose job it was to turn people away from their religious beliefs. They burnt religious icons, set up anti-religious museums and organized anti-religious propaganda campaigns. The League of Militant Atheists had over 5.5 million members, thus creating a lot of people who thought the same way about religion. Stalin also used indoctrination in the area of culture. All artists, writers, painters, composers, were kept on a strict watch by the Communist Party to make sure that they all supported the Party and the government. To be a writer in the Soviet Union, you had to join the Union of Soviet Writers. If you were a member of this organization, your writing had to follow a policy of socialist realism. This meant that all writing including novels, filmscripts, poems, plays and journalism had to deal with the lives of ordinary working people and show the advancement of Communism. The same applied to all other creative artists. If you didnt conform, you would be sent to labor camps. Therefore, Soviet people were able to read only books that suppo...

A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury Essays

A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury Essays A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury Essay A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury Essay A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury’s and the Emerging Online Shopping Sector Abstraction This paper represents an analysis of the recent rise in on-line place shopping and more specifically the service offered by the supermarket concatenation Sainsbury’s. The analysis derives from a market goaded direction position and efforts to put the recent activity by Sainsbury’s within a strategic and market driven model, measuring the grade to which its direction determinations fit in with bing theory in this country. To this terminal so, this paper represents non merely an appraisal and scrutiny of a existent universe company utilizing modern-day theory but an rating of that theory as it manifests within a practical state of affairs. Sainsbury’s has a long history of retail within the British market, nevertheless the initial selling run for its on-line service,Sainsbury’s To You, was dissatisfactory, coercing a re-launch and re-branding exercising in 2006 ( Lyons, 2006 ) that aimed to be more in melody with client demands. This makesSainsbury’s Online( as it is now called ) an ideal topic for a paper covering with market goaded direction. It is hoped that this paper represents both an lineation and rating of market goaded direction in practice but besides a survey of how a comparatively traditionally based company can react to client demands and integrate these into their stigmatization exercisings and their corporate civilization. Introduction – From Marketing to Market Driven Management As Lambin ( 2000 ) provinces, Marketing is both a concern doctrine and an action-orientated process ( Lambin, 2000: 3 ) ; it has both an abstract base and a practical application and, as such, alterations to accommodate the environing socio-economic and socio-political state of affairs. Marketing non merely exists as an interface between a company and its clients but besides as a statement of purpose within a market place that serves to specify market portion and merchandise arrangement. Traditionally, selling has frequently been seen as a manner of working ( or possibly even making ) sometimes, unconscious demands and desires within consumers. Maddock and Fulton’s 1996 text editionMarketing to the Mind: Right Brain Strategies for Advertising and Marketing, for case purposes to utilize psychological techniques to make a sensed demand within a consumer that can be exploited by a company in a round procedure of creative activity and repletion of desire. Used more as an active ve rb, selling has come to depict the procedure of involvement coevals one time a merchandise has been created, instead than holding an built-in topographic point within research, development and production itself. As Lambin ( 2000 ) suggests, selling has besides traditionally been seen as contingent to the ethos, mission and civilization of a house, bing within the interstice between supply and demand: In a market economic system, the function of selling is to organize free and competitory exchange so as to guarantee efficient matching of supply and demand of goods and services†¦The function of marketing in society is hence to organize exchange and communicating between Sellerss and purchasers. This definition emphasises the undertakings and maps of selling, irrespective of the intent of the procedure of exchange. [ 1 ] The linguistic communication here, of supply and demand, exchange and communicating, emanates from traditional economic theory. The traditional impression of selling, so, relates straight to the Marxist construct of the creative activity of surplus value outlined inDas Capital( 1933 ) and depicting a quintessentially 19th and early 20th century construct of commercialism ( Drucker, 2007: 3 ) . How, asks observers such as Lambin ( 2000 ) , Day ( 2007 ) and Webster ( 2002 ) , can marketing adjust to the alterations in the socio-economic place experience since the 1980s? How can marketing reflect a more postmodern and globalised society, where increased denationalization, greater and greater technological progresss ( Lambin, 2000 ) , a feminised workplace ( Amin, 1997 ) and a immensely more educated client base mean that the simple chaining of supply and demand through selling is unequal? The reply is the displacement from marketing to market goaded direction, where client satisfaction and demand permeates every procedure in the corporation [ 2 ] : from the design and research of new merchandises to the method of bringing. As Webster ( 2002 ) inside informations, the construct is a simple but effectual one: Nothing could be simpler to understand. A satisfied client is willing to pay the house good for its merchandises and services because the client finds value in them. Value is created for the stockholders in the signifier of net income when the client pays the house a monetary value that is greater than all of the monetary values the house itself paid for the goods and services that it has combined into its ain merchandise offering. Therefore, value is created in the market place by clients who perceive value in the firm’s merchandise offering. [ 3 ] This simple sounding mission statement has a enormous impact on the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours running of a concern or administration and, as we shall see, is non ever uppermost within the heads of many CEOs and stockholders. Market goaded direction purposes to put the construct of sensed value at the bosom of a company’s operations and, as such, represents an of import paradigm displacement in concern thought, one that is more holistically defined, one that attempts to put greater burden on answerability and procedure and moreover one that is commensurate with the altering commercial field beyond the council chamber. Along with the image of market goaded direction, Lambin ( 2000 ) postulates the rise of the new consumer ( Lambin, 2000: 41 ) , a more flush, spoting and technologically educated client who values time, stimulation, pleasance and change ( Lambin, 2000: 41 ) above traditional consumer desires such as length of service, quality and low monetary value. Baker and Bass ( 2003 ) continue this line of idea when they province: The present consumer-driven market place is characterised by a new sort of consumer, one who has been diversely described as active’ , knowledgeable’ and post-modern’ . In kernel, this is a New Consumer’ a animal clearly different and identifiable from its predecessors. [ 4 ] The image of the new consumer’ embodies many of the concerns of market goaded direction, it besides, as we shall see, has a great bearing on the instance survey that forms the following portion of this paper. The new consumer is a theoretical account that is based non simply on stuff demand but on a whole gamut of different situational demands, from clip direction to the desire for alteration and freshness. Servicess such as on-line shopping and e-commerce could merely hold come out of displacements in the manner clients needed to carry on their concern and ipso facto their whole life style ( Dholakia, Fritz, Dholakia and Mundorf, 2002 ) nevertheless this was facilitated by patterned advances in engineering and in marketing theory – as the traditional paths to client involvement ( in-store direction, forepart of head advertisement [ Varey, 2001 ] , monetary value decreases and so on ) began to look inadequate. The instance survey that follows looks at one such illustration of this, the online shopping arm of J. Sainsbury’s,Sainsbury’s Online, and does so within the renters of market driven direction and related theory. The first subdivision presents a general company background and overview of their present place ; the 2nd subdivision looks at the country of client behaviors and related scheme ( Lambin, 2000: 89-458 ) ; the 3rd, market goaded direction determinations such as merchandise line and pricing ( Lambin, 2000: 459-698 ) and the decision aims to put all of this within the context of current theory and to measure Sainsbury’s current policies. Sainsbury’s Online – A Traditional Company in a Changing Universe J. Sainsbury’s was founded in 1869 by John and Mary Ann Sainsbury [ 5 ] in Drury Lane, London and has grown to be one of the major participants in the UK food market market, functioning on norm about 16 million clients in 455 supermarkets around the state every hebdomad. Geting a figure of related concerns through a series of coup detats in the 1990s ( Bells Stores, Jacksons, JB Beaumont etc ) Sainsbury’s has invariably been careful to safeguard its image as a purveyor of quality green goods and besides to increase its presence in the market place over the last decennary. Its literature invariably stresses the extent that it responds to its customer’s demands and wants whilst at the same clip guaranting that its stockholders are kept happy with high returns. Its mission statement, for illustration, reads: Our aim is simple ; to function clients good and thereby supply stockholders with good, sustainable fiscal returns†¦ Our policy is to work with all of our providers reasonably, recognizing the common benefit of fulfilling clients demands. We besides aim to carry through our duties to the communities and environments in which we operate. [ 6 ] We can see here the beginnings of a market goaded direction mentality, where the satisfaction of the stakeholders is inextricably linked to that of the clients ; [ 7 ] nevertheless, as we shall see, this was non ever the instance, and market placement of Sainsbury’s is still a debatable country. Sainsbury’s To You, Sainsbury’s cyberspace shopping site, was ab initio rolled out in 2001/2 and operated out of merely 20 shops throughout the state. In its first twelvemonth, it made a ?50m loss making gross revenues of around ?110m in 2002 ( Wearden, 2002 ) . This was in comparing to Tesco online that achieved gross revenues of over ?356m in the same twelvemonth and handled about 85,000 orders per hebdomad to Sainsbury’s 27,000. As Harris and Dennis ( 2002 ) item, the scheme for the turn overing out ofSainsbury’s To Youwas based really much on their bing concern theoretical account. Initially, Sainsbury’s adopted the order and collect system that meant clients would order online and so come into the shop to pick up their food markets ( Harris and Dennis, 2002: 252 ) . This was chiefly designed to feed into bing selling schemes of impulse purchasing and forepart of head advertisement – the client would purchase farther green goods in shop w hen they came in to pick up their antecedently detailed order, so the thoery went. As Harris and Dennis ( 2002 ) suggest, non merely was this unpopular ( the market leader Tesco declining to follow such as system ) but Sainsbury’s ( and its rival Safeway ) abandoned this after 2002 when it was re-branded and re-launched. This last point is an interesting illustration of the manner in which a company such as Sainsbury’s can neglect to factor the demands and desires of the client when explicating market schemes. The order and collect’ service was based, so Harris and Dennis ( 2002 ) suggest, on preexistent corporate schemes non commensurate with market driven operations, the client hence rejected the service out of manus and the concern, purportedly given the disparity in net incomes, when to the rival supermarket, Tesco. Sainsbury’s is now the 3rd biggest online grocer behind Tesco and Asda, a state of affairs that is, in portion, due to the re-launch of the on-line service in 2002/3 ( Thompson, 2008 ) . The following subdivision looks closely at the building ofSainsbury’s Onlineand how this fits into, foremost, the company’s bing authorization and, secondly, market goaded direction theory. Customer Behaviour and Schemes One of the primary incentives behind market goaded direction is client satisfaction and this, as Lambin ( 2000 ) inside informations is best understood through a consideration of client behavior and how it changes over clip. Bradley ( 2003 ) inside informations that a consumer’s behavior is a complex procedure based on a whole scope of sociological and psychological inputs that are brooding of alterations in the wider societal field, as he states: The external factors which influence consumer purchasing behavior are civilization, moralss, legal limitations, societal category, interhousehold communications and other influential procedures. The internal factors refer to the individual’s ain cognitive universe which determines the individual’s reaction to stimuli. [ 8 ] Lambin ( 2000 ) criticises accepted theory that asserts that marketing creates need, for him and for many other theoreticians ( Varey and Lewis, 2000 ; Morris and Morris, 1990 ; Thompson and Strickland, 2003 etc ) selling should reflect a demand existent in the market topographic point already for Lambin ( 2000 ) the issue is one of analysis instead than creative activity. It is easy to see how this impression fits into e-commerce and online shopping, Chan, Lee, Dillon and Chang ( 2001 ) for case have stated how alterations in the nature of society and client life styles have created a demand for services that are unusually different from traditional commercial ventures. One of the first stairss, so, to showing clients with what they need is to understand their life style and to factor this in to any corporate determination, as Lambin ( 2000 ) provinces: The consumer is consistent with regard to his or her ain set of maxims, and non with regard to a set of maxims defined with no mention to a specific situational context or penchants construction. [ 9 ] We have so the image of a client whose demands are propelledbyand rootedina specific situational context and this, as plants on e-commerce have told us, is non needfully commensurate with historically determined or traditional demands. The user of an on-line food market site, for case, is improbable to do the same sorts of impulse bargains as a shopper in shop, they are besides, as Dennis, Fenech and Merrilees ( 2004 ) item, more likely to value such things as dependability of the web site, website design and client service over monetary value and particular offers ( Dennis, Fenech and Merrilees, 2004: 92 ) . Following the re-launch ofSainsbury’s To Youin 2002, Sainsbury’s offered a more matter-of-fact and useful service, more aligned with its nearest challenger Tesco than the sole market its original name suggested. This was clearly a strategic operation carried out after initial losingss and, as Hackney, Grant and Birtwhistle ( 2006 ) item, resulted in a 19 per cent per cent growing over the following 12 months. One of the specific tools Lambin ( 2000 ) lineations is demand analysis ( Lambin, 2000: 292 ) a construct that combines primary demand’ ( the entire demand for a peculiar merchandise or service, in a specific geographical country, a specific clip frame and a specific economic environment ) and company demand’ ( a particular company’s portion of the primary ) . The primary demand can besides be plotted against entire market strength to foretell impregnation degrees and to be after for strategic eventualities. Figures from the IGD province that, in 2004, the primary demand for on-line food market shopping was around ?1bn per twelvemonth and that Sainsbury’s commanded around 14 per cent of this ( company demand ) . [ 10 ] The absolute market is dependent on a figure of things, in this sector, chiefly of class the figure of families with entree to a computing machine and the cyberspace – presently this is thought to be in the part of 8 million [ 11 ] , each of these families potentially spend the norm of ?119.10 per hebdomad on food markets online [ 12 ] and it is this figure ( figure of family ten mean hebdomadal budget ) that represents the absolute market potency ( Lambin, 2000: 294 ) that Sainsbury’s can take for. As Hackney, Grant and Birtwhistle ( 2006 ) province, much of the success of the Tesco online system and therefore, much of the failure of Sainsbury’s initial operations, was due to strategic planning. Tesco non merely had bing trade name acquaintance but was besides able to develop an emergent strategy ( Mintzberg and Waters, 1985 ) that was conceived of over a figure of old ages. Unlike Sainsbury’s, Tesco’s online operations grew easy during the first two old ages of operation and was merely rolled out to the full after the bringing substructure was in topographic point and working ( Grant and Birtwhistle, 2006 ) . Commensurate with impressions of the strategic selling program ( Lambin, 2000: 424 ; Stone and Maccall, 2004 ; Proctor, 2000 etc ) Sainsbury’s attempted ( and still try ) to place themselves within a market that was already emerging and, to some extent, booming. The trade name direction of Sainsbury’s stresses the importance of quality a nd household values every bit good as foregrounding its ain scope of low priced merchandises, their mission provinces for illustration that: At Sainsbury s we will present an of all time bettering quality shopping experience for our clients with great merchandise at just monetary values. We aim to transcend client outlooks for healthy, safe, fresh and tasty nutrient doing their lives easier mundane. [ 13 ] This in blunt contrast to that of Tesco that systematically stresses the impression of value in their literature and selling. [ 14 ] Sainsbury’s has systematically positioned itself in the food market market between the cheaper shops such as Tesco and Asda and the higher priced, choice thrust concerns like Waitrose and Marks and Spencer. This has manifested itself non merely in the design and construction of the website it offers for case a practical community where users can interchange formulas and thoughts – but besides in some of the direction determinations made over the last two old ages. The desire for a greener shopping experience for case has led Sainsbury’s to perpetrate to electric new waves to present their goods by 2010, reflective of, non merely, their mission statement’s purpose to offer a whole shopping experience’ but of their strategic placement within an already crowded market. Market Driven Management Decisions This last point enables us to interrogate the concluding country of operations: market goaded direction determinations, the impression that all corporate determination devising should be based on the sorts of strategic placement and demand analysis that we have hitherto looked at [ 15 ] . As Lambin ( 2000 ) provinces, within a market goaded administration, all determinations from pricing to merchandise choice, from logistics to advertisement will be based on client satisfaction and deriving greater market portion: In a invariably altering environment, a company must continuously re-evaluate the construction of its portfolio of activities, intending the determinations to abandon merchandises, modify bing 1s or launch new merchandises. These determinations are of the extreme importance to the endurance of company and affect non merely the selling section, but all of the other functional countries as good. [ 16 ] We have already seen how logistical determinations at Sainsbury’s were affected by market concerns through the acceptance of greener conveyance and how the forsaking and re-launch of the originalSainsbury’s To Youwebsite reflected the sensed demand of its clients and its market placement. Commensurate with impressions of market goaded pricing, Sainsbury’s used a construction that can be viewed more as a statement of value ( Morris and Morris, 1990 ) than a calculated scheme of underselling that is traditionally seen to be the chief arm in a supermarket monetary value war. Again Sainsbury’s attempted to place itself as a center land participant within the market by appealingbothto clients seeking cut monetary value value merchandises with the debut of its Low Price’ no frills range [ 17 ] and the higher priced healthy organic nutrient scope Be Good to Yourself . Again, we can see here how such pricing determinations reflect its strategic operations as positioning itself someplace between Tesco and Waitrose. Datas from Sainsbury’s online clients is due to be combined with strategies rolled out in shop. The CRM ( client relationship direction ) based exercising is due to hit shops UK broad in 2008 and aims to unite both in-store and on-line client databases [ 18 ] . Sainsbury’s trueness cardNectarnon merely offers clients money back offers and price reductions therefore functioning as a trueness card but, evidently, besides provides a front terminal to a valuable CRM informations aggregation exercising and this is set addition as it is combined with the new informations analytics tool, Self Serve’ ( LMG, 2008 ) . Customer relationship direction aims to use informations collected through things such as trueness cards and shopping behavior to better the free flow of information between consumer and retail merchant ; as Zingale and Arndt ( 2001 ) item, this is peculiarly utile when covering with on-line shopping: Enterprises should non see the cyberspace as simply a new medium or new channel ( although both of these could be get downing points for internal treatments ) , but more as a riotous engineering that demands strategic response. In other words, endeavors should explicate an Internet scheme for all facets of their concern: selling, distribution, stock list, direction, procurance. [ 19 ] Online shopping, so, can non merely be a manner of easing shopping but besides a manner of garnering informations on client behavior. It is easy to see, in Sainsbury’s particularly, how such information is being used – the web site itself, for case, merely offers those merchandises that its client base has proven to devour and there is a installation for offering merchandises based on picks made in the yesteryear. This, along with the creative activity of on-line communities through forums and information exchange portals, forms the footing of Sainsbury’s client relationship plan. Conclusion – The Middle Ground Scenario As we have antecedently hinted at, Sainsbury’s can be seen to be a traditional company trying to set to a altering economic universe. Its historical presence in the high street has assured it is good known in the market topographic point ; nevertheless this presence has besides been a barrier to its ingraining into emerging engineerings such as the cyberspace. Initially, as we have discussed, its web site was seen as a failure, particularly when compared to its nearest challenger Tesco, nevertheless through a period of re-branding it was re-launched and exists today as one of the fastest turning sectors of the nucleus company’s concern. As this study has tried to asseverate, this was due, in the chief, to the acceptance of many market goaded direction determinations and schemes that attempted non merely to re-position its on-line service in the market topographic point – bridging the gulf between Tesco and Waitrose – but besides to put client demands and s atisfaction at the bosom of its operations. In this manner, as Zingale and Arndt ( 2001 ) province, its cyberspace arm is being seen as inextricably linked to the remainder of the concern, non merely trusting on the bing constructions of procurance and bringing but besides feeding back information and information analysis to let for continually alteration and transmutation. Market goaded direction affects all countries of an operation and we have traced this throughSainsbury’s Online, looking at procedures such as CRM, strategic pricing, demand analysis and client behavior. It is interesting to observe that Sainsbury’s cyberspace based services non merely represent many of the issues discussed but besides that acceptance of these schemes coincided with increased use of their web site and greater net incomes. The alterations in the manner Sainsbury’s viewed its online shopping operations are an interesting correlate to the manner it has shaped its ain market place in recent old ages – trying to offer its clients value that resides more in community and household than merely monetary value cuts. Mentions Books and Diaries Abram, J and Hawkes, P ( 2003 ) ,The Seven Myths of Consumer Management, London: John Wiley. Amin, A ( 1997 ) ,Post-Fordism: A Reader, London: Blackwell. 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